Casa · C1 Advanced · Lesson 7 of 20 · Step 1

Urban Planning

Discourse Markers for Academic Writing

Use a wide range of advanced discourse markers to organise academic arguments
Distinguish between discourse markers used for addition, contrast, concession, and consequence
Produce coherent, well-signposted academic paragraphs

Words · tap a card to see it used

Grammar

Discourse markers for academic writing

Discourse markers signal logical relationships between ideas. Addition: Furthermore, Moreover, In addition, What is more. Contrast: However, Nevertheless, Conversely, On the other hand. Concession: Notwithstanding, Granted, Admittedly, Be that as it may. Consequence/Result: Consequently, As a result, Hence, It follows that. Reformulation: In other words, That is to say, To put it differently. Summary: In light of the above, On balance, To sum up. Choosing the right marker strengthens the coherence and persuasiveness of academic arguments.

Furthermore, the data suggests that densification reduces per-capita carbon emissions.

Nevertheless, the social costs of gentrification cannot be overlooked.

Notwithstanding these challenges, the policy has broad support among urban planners.

In light of the evidence presented, a comprehensive review of zoning regulations is warranted.

Exercises · type, then check

1. Choose the most appropriate discourse marker to complete each sentence.

1.The project was completed on time and under budget. , the quality of materials used has been questioned.

2.Densification can reduce urban sprawl. , it places additional pressure on existing infrastructure.

3. the objections raised by residents, the council approved the development.

4.Traffic congestion has worsened significantly. , the council has proposed a congestion charge.

5.Mixed-use zoning encourages walkability. , it can stimulate local economies by integrating residential and commercial spaces.

2. Match each discourse marker to its primary function.

1.Furthermore

2.Nevertheless

3.Consequently

4.Notwithstanding

5.In light of

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Reading

Reimagining the City

Urban planning in the twenty-first century faces a paradox: cities must accommodate growing populations while simultaneously reducing their environmental impact. Densification — the strategy of building upward rather than outward — has been proposed as a solution. Furthermore, compact cities can support more efficient public transport networks and reduce dependence on private vehicles. Nevertheless, densification brings significant challenges. Infrastructure that was designed for lower population densities may be unable to cope, leading to congestion, overcrowded schools, and strained utilities. Moreover, the process of urban renewal frequently triggers gentrification, displacing the very communities the developments claim to serve. Notwithstanding these concerns, many planners argue that the alternative — continued suburban sprawl — is environmentally unsustainable and socially isolating. In light of the evidence, a balanced approach seems essential: one that combines densification with investment in infrastructure, genuinely affordable housing, and meaningful consultation with stakeholders. Admittedly, achieving this balance is easier in theory than in practice. Consequently, the most successful examples tend to be cities with strong governance structures and a long-term planning horizon.

1. What paradox does urban planning face, according to the passage?

2. What solution does the passage recommend, and what does it acknowledge about that solution?

Speaking · say it out loud, with a partner or alone

1Describe the urban development of your city or town to your partner, using at least five different discourse markers to structure your argument. Your partner should note which markers you used.

2Debate: 'Gentrification, notwithstanding its costs, is ultimately beneficial for cities.' Use discourse markers throughout to signal your argument's structure.

Writing

Write an academic paragraph (6–8 sentences) arguing for or against a specific urban planning policy. Use at least six different discourse markers to organise your argument.

0 words

Finished?

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