Casa · B2 Upper Intermediate · Lesson 8 of 20 · Step 1

Sustainability & Climate

Concession & Contrast

Use a range of concession and contrast linkers accurately (despite, although, whereas, nevertheless)
Distinguish between similar connectors and choose the appropriate one for context
Discuss sustainability and climate issues using nuanced contrast structures

Words · tap a card to see it used

Grammar

Concession and contrast connectors

Concession (acknowledging a point that contrasts with the main argument): 'although / even though + clause', 'despite / in spite of + noun/-ing', 'however / nevertheless / nonetheless' (between sentences). Contrast (showing difference): 'whereas / while + clause' (comparing two different situations), 'on the other hand / in contrast / by contrast' (between sentences). Key distinction: 'although' introduces a subordinate clause; 'however' connects two independent sentences; 'despite' is followed by a noun or gerund, never a clause.

Although renewable energy is growing rapidly, fossil fuels still dominate the global energy mix.

Despite investing heavily in solar power, the country remains dependent on coal.

Emissions have increased in developing nations; however, per capita figures remain far below those of industrialised countries.

Whereas Europe has embraced wind energy, many Asian economies continue to expand coal capacity.

Exercises · type, then check

1. Complete each sentence with the correct concession or contrast connector.

1. the government's pledges to reduce emissions, pollution levels have continued to rise.

2.Solar energy is becoming cheaper every year. , many countries have been slow to adopt it.

3. Denmark generates most of its electricity from wind, neighbouring Poland still relies heavily on coal.

4. the evidence is overwhelming, some politicians continue to deny climate change.

5.Electric vehicles are better for the environment; , they remain too expensive for many consumers.

2. Choose the correct connector to complete each sentence.

1. ___ investing billions in green technology, the country's emissions have barely decreased.

2. Some nations have cut emissions dramatically, ___ others have seen sharp increases.

3. The policy was well-intentioned. ___, its implementation was deeply flawed.

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Reading

The Climate Paradox

Although the scientific consensus on climate change has never been stronger, global carbon emissions continue to rise. Despite decades of international agreements and ambitious targets, fossil fuels still account for over 80% of the world's energy supply. Renewable energy sources such as wind and solar have grown rapidly; nevertheless, they have not yet displaced coal and gas at the scale required. Whereas wealthy nations have the resources to invest in green infrastructure, developing countries often face a painful trade-off between economic growth and environmental protection. In spite of these challenges, there are reasons for optimism. The cost of solar panels has fallen by over 90% since 2010, and electric vehicle adoption is accelerating worldwide. However, experts warn that technological progress alone will not be sufficient. What is needed, they argue, is a fundamental shift in consumption patterns, energy policy, and international cooperation. While the path forward is uncertain, the consequences of inaction are becoming increasingly clear.

1. What is the central paradox described in the passage?

2. What do experts say is needed beyond technological progress?

Speaking · say it out loud, with a partner or alone

1Discuss: 'Although individuals can make changes, it is governments and corporations that bear the greatest responsibility for addressing climate change.' Do you agree? Use concession and contrast structures to present a balanced argument.

2Compare the environmental policies of two countries you know about. Use whereas, while, on the other hand, and despite to highlight differences and similarities.

Writing

Write 5–8 sentences about an environmental issue you care about. Use at least four different concession or contrast connectors (e.g., although, despite, however, whereas).

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